1
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, West Bengal, India.
2
Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, India.
Abstract
Background: Clinically, heart failure due to cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction is associated with different reflex responses, including bradycardia, hypotension, and the urge to urinate or defecate. Stimulation of the cardiac nociceptors of the left ventricle initiates cardiogenic reflexes, such as the mass rectal contraction, which may be responsible for defecation urge. We aimed to study the afferent and efferent pathways responsible for this cardiogenic rectal response.
Methods: Experiments were performed on artificially ventilated anesthetized cats of either sex. Myocardial ischemia was induced by occluding the main left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and rectal movement was recorded. The effects of LAD occlusion on intact and sectioned left inferior cardiac sympathetic, cardiac vagus, gastric vagus, splanchnic, inferior mesenteric ganglion, and pelvic nerves on the rectal response were studied.
Results: LAD occlusion induced a biphasic rectal response, which was abolished after sectioning the left inferior cardiac sympathetic nerve but not by cardiac vagotomy. The same response was also abolished by pelvic nerve sectioning. Moreover, the relaxation and contractile phase was abolished by nitric oxide and cholinergic inhibitors.
Conclusions: The defecatory urge associated with cardiac ischemia was due to the reflexogenic contraction of the rectal muscle. The afferent and efferent pathways for this reflex were the cardiac sympathetic nerve and the pelvic nerve, respectively. Additionally, nitric oxide and cholinergic pathways were associated with this reflex (Iranian Heart Journal 2024; 25(1): 6-18)
Abrahamsson H and ThorenP, 1972, Acta. Physiol. Scand., 84:197-207
Johannsen UJ., Summers R and Mark AL 1981, Circulation, 63:960-964
Koley BN., Majumder C and Koley J. 1992: In: Advances in Physiological Sciences Eds: S K Manchanda, W. Selvamurthy and V Mohan Kumar, New Delhi, Macmillan India Ltd.India, p121-129.
Koley BN., Sinha S and Koley J. 1995 Ann. Nat. Acad. Med. Sci., 31(2); 97-108.
Koley J., Basak AK, Das M, Sinha S and Koley BN. 1995 Ind. J. Physiol. Allied Sci., 49(1); 24-33.
Bosnjak ZK, Zuperku EJ, Coon RL and Kampine JP, 1979, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 161, 142-148
Uchida Y and Murao S., 1974, Am.J.Physiol., 226:1094-1099.
Sutton DC and Lueth HC., 1930, Arch. Int. Med., 45:827-867.
Malliani A., Lombardi F and Pagani M., 1986, In: Progress in Brain Research. Eds. F. Cervero and JFB Morrison, Amsterdam, Elsevier Sci. Pub. vol-67: p39-48.
Pal P., Koley J., Bhattacharya S, Sengupta J and Koley BN., 1989, Jap. J. Physiol., 39:131-144.
Thames MD, Kloptenstein HS., Abbond FM., Mark AL and Walker JL ., 1978. Cir. Res., 48:512-519.
Guzman F., Braun C and Lim RKS. 1962, Arch.Int. Pharmacol, 136:353-384.
Sylven C., 1989, Pain, 6: 145-167.
Gaspardone A., Crea F., Tomai F.,Vaesaci F et al. 1995. J. Am.coll. Cardiol., 23(1):251-257.
Gnecchi-Ruscone T., Monrano N., ContiniM, Guazz M et al. 1995, J. Autn. Nerv. Syst., 53:175-184.
Wennmalm A, Chanh PH and Junstand M., 1974, Acta Physiol. Scand., 91:133-135.
Webb SC., Canepa-Anson R., Rickards AF and Poole-Wilson PA., 1987, J.Am. Coll. Cardiol., 9:1230-1234.
Guzman F., Braun C. And Lim RKS. , 1962, Arch. Int. Pharmacol.136:352-384.
Koley BN., Pal P and Koley J. 1985: In: Current Trends in Pain Research and Therapy, Basic Mechanism and Clinical application. Eds: K N Sharma and U Nayar, New Delhi, Ind. Soc. Pain Res. Ther, vol-1, p83-93.
Koley J., Das M, Basak AK, , Sinha S and Koley BN. 1995 Ind. J. Physiol. Allied Sci., 49(3); 107-115.
Koley BN and Mukherjee SR, 1964, J. Exptl. Med. Sci., 8:177-178.
Woodworth RS and Sherrington CS., 1904, J. Physiol. 31:234-243.
Sherrington CS., 1906, The integrative action of the nervous system, New Haven CT, Yale University press.
Brown AM, 1967, J. Physiol.190:35-53.
Malliani A., Schwartz PJ and Zanchetti A, 1969,Am. J. Physiol.,217:703-709.
Kato K., Fu L. And Iinuma H. 1986, Jap. Heart J., 27(1); 276-272.
Kubota I., Yamaki K., Shibata T, Ikrno E etal. 1993, Circulation, 88(4):1845-1851.
Koley BN, Sinha S and Koley J .1987, Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.(suppl. 1), 31: 13.
Doutheil U and Kramer K (1959), Arch.Ges.Physiol.269:114-126
Sivanathan N., Kappagoda CT and Linden RJ., 1981, Q.J.Exptl.Biol.,66:51-59.
Karim F., Majid DSA and Summerill RA, 1989, J.Physiol.,417:63-78
Basak, A., & Koley, J. (2024). Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Induced Defecatory Reflex in Anesthetized Cats: A Study to Explore Neural Pathways for This Cardiogenic Reflex. Iranian Heart Journal, 25(1), 6-18.
MLA
Asim Kumar Basak; Juthika Koley. "Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Induced Defecatory Reflex in Anesthetized Cats: A Study to Explore Neural Pathways for This Cardiogenic Reflex". Iranian Heart Journal, 25, 1, 2024, 6-18.
HARVARD
Basak, A., Koley, J. (2024). 'Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Induced Defecatory Reflex in Anesthetized Cats: A Study to Explore Neural Pathways for This Cardiogenic Reflex', Iranian Heart Journal, 25(1), pp. 6-18.
VANCOUVER
Basak, A., Koley, J. Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Induced Defecatory Reflex in Anesthetized Cats: A Study to Explore Neural Pathways for This Cardiogenic Reflex. Iranian Heart Journal, 2024; 25(1): 6-18.